Urban agriculture (UA) has attracted growing interest in discussions about the future of cities due to its potential to enhance food supply, generate income for urban producers, and contribute to the broader benefits of green cities. The UFISAMO research project examined the potentials and challenges of UA in Cape Town and Maputo. Findings show that the contribution of UA to income and food & nutrition security is highly context-specific, shaped by historical, political, economic, and social factors. In Maputo, UA serves as the primary income source for approximately 5% of the population, though for most it does not cover the cost of a monthly food basket. Still, the cultivation of horticultural crops supports a more balanced diet, especially for producer households. Associations and extension services provide essential structural support. Key challenges include the uncontrolled use of pesticides, stemming from mono-cropping without adequate crop rotation. Promoting sustainable practices in line with GAP or organic standards is crucial and depends on the development of suitable markets. In Cape Town’s townships, UA—often carried out on small, sandy plots under water stress—has limited impact on income and food security. Weak local market links and challenging access to urban markets, typically mediated by NGOs or social businesses, further limit UA’s role. Nonetheless, it offers some income and serves as a valuable platform for self-organisation across township divides. Strengthening business skills among farmers and supporting their capacity for collective action are key steps for enhancing UA’s role in empowering communities facing unemployment and social tension.