This study was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) through its Improving Livelihoods and Food Security in Cambodia I and II projects (ILF), operating in five provinces to support poor and formerly landless families who received social land concessions (SLC). Following the Khmer Rouge’s abolition of private land ownership, legal uncertainties persist. To address them, the Cambodian government implemented SLCs under an interim land policy. Since 2014, GIZ has supported this through ILF I and II. ILF promotes food security, sustainable agriculture, and local development by working with authorities, civil society, and the private sector. A key component involves supporting agricultural cooperatives (ACs), though evidence on their impact remains limited. This study explores the role of two ACs: Aukorkei (Kratie) and Sen Akphiwat Samaki (Kampong Thom), using household surveys, PRA, and interviews, conducted remotely (June–December 2020). Though only a minority relies primarily on agriculture, subsistence farming like paddy rice remains crucial. Cash crops should supplement—not replace—subsistence. Six in ten households perform paid agricultural labor; transitioning to self-employment is viewed positively and supported by ACs. Climate risks spur income diversification, including migration. Many recipients are still investing, especially in cashews. AC membership boosts agricultural income, mainly through organic cashew and cassava contract farming. Cassava is profitable for 85%; organic certification provides premiums but is labor-intensive. AC members are more indebted but earn more and show greater food security. Inclusion requires better communication, transparency, and support. ACs can drive innovation, reduce costs, and promote sustainable, diversified farming.